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Nursing:
Chronic respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease
Respiratory
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| Authors |
Leonard Shamis,, RN, BSN.
Richard A. Ade, RN, BSPA, MS, MPH ,Public Health, Air National Guard |
| Hours |
2.00 contact hours |
| Expires |
EXPIRED |
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| Passing Grade |
70% |
| Test Retries |
Unlimited
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After completion of this course the participant should be able to:
- Describe three basic responses to inhaled dust.
- List two main differences between Type I and Type II Pulmonary Responses.
- Describe two Clinical Features of Allergic Alveolitides.
- List three main physical findings on the physical examination.
- Identify common antigens that produce upper airway disease.
- Discuss preventative measures for development of upper airway disease.
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To take just this course, test, and evaluation and get your certificate online, the cost is only $ 30.00!
| Hours |
Price |
p/Hour |
Discount |
| 10 |
$ 142 |
$ 14.20 |
5% off! |
| 15 |
$ 203 |
$ 13.53 |
10% off! |
| 20 |
$ 257 |
$ 12.85 |
14% off! |
| 25 |
$ 302 |
$ 12.08 |
19% off! |
| 30 |
$ 339 |
$ 11.30 |
25% off! |
| 35 |
$ 367 |
$ 10.49 |
30% off! |
| 40 |
$ 386 |
$ 9.65 |
36% off! |
| 45 |
$ 405 |
$ 9.00 |
40% off! |
Hours purchased are good for an unlimited time, but only within the discipline they were purchased in.
(If located in Ohio state taxes will be applied before purchase)
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No Commercial Support or Sponsorship is accepted by CEU4U, Inc.
Products, drugs, and/or therapies discussed within this educational offering do NOT imply endorsement by CEU4U, Inc. or American Nurses Credentialing Center.
No off label use of product(s) are discussed in this educational offering.
The author(s) and planning committee of this content declare that they have no real or perceived conflict of interest related to this presentation.
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Course Sample:
Mechanisms and Responses of the Airways Normally the gas exchange takes place in the acini of the lung parenchyma; that is, in those portions of the lung from the first order of respiratory bronchioles down to the alveoli. The respiratory bronchioles originate from the terminal bronchioles, which are the smallest airways, not concerned with gas exchange. Before air can participate in gas exchange it must travel through a series of conducting tubes called the bronchial tree, until it finally reaches the first order respiratory bronchioles. The conducting airways in this system do not participate in gas exchange, and is, therefore, often known as dead space. Inhaled particles may be deposited either in the lung parenchyma (the respiratory bronchioles, atrial sacs, and alveoli) or in the dead space. Some of the inhaled particulates are taken in and out of the respiratory tract without deposition. The site of deposition of an individual particle is governed by three factors: (a) the aerodynamic properties of the particle, viz. The size, shape, speed, and density; (b) the circumference and shape of the airway; and (c)the breathing pattern of the individual. Particles between 0.5 and 5 microns in diameter tend to be deposited in the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles and may, under certain conditions, cause a group of diseases know as pneumoconiosis to develop. Larger particles are usually deposited in the conducting system of the lungs. The effect of an inhaled dust is, therefore, dependent partly on its site of deposition and partly on its toxic and antigenic properties. Airway Resistance Before considering the various types of occupational insults that may be inflicted upon the conducting airway system of the lungs there are basic anatomical and physiological considerations to understand. There are two components that comprise air- flow in humans, one is the central and the other is peripheral. The central component comprises the resistance that is located in the upper airways, trachea, and main stem bronchus and segmental bronchi down to the airways that have diameters of 2 mm or greater. The distal portion is located in those airways whose diameter is less than 2 mm, including the gas-exchanging units of the lung. Macklem and Mead have demonstrated that, of the total airway resistance is no less than 80 to 90 percent is located in the larger airways and only around 10 percent resides in the smaller airways. Thus, changes in the resistance to flow in the smaller airways have little influence on total airway resistance. Similarly, those indices of ventilatory capacity that are derived from the forced expiratory volume maneuver are little affected by an increase in the resistance of the small airways because these indices for primarily reflect changes in the larger airways during dynamic compression. Although some of the smaller air passages of the respiratory conducting system, e.g., the terminal bronchioles, are included in the peripheral airways, the remainder of the conducting system is comprised of the central airways. The respiratory symptoms and respiratory impairment that are associated with the deposition of particles in the larger airways are both more obvious and more easily demonstrated than are those associated with particulate deposition in the smaller airways. Responses to Dust Deposition The deposition of inhaled dust in the central airways of the lung may induce one or more of the following four basic responses: - Immunologically induced airway constriction. This would include both Type I and Type II Reactions and is best termed occupational asthma.
- Pharmacologically induced airways constriction.
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